Kesselwasseranalyse
Kesselwasseranalyse
Wenn Sie einen eingeschränkt beaufsichtigt oder sogar einen unbeaufsichtigten Boiler betreuen, kann Lenntech Sie dann mit Ihren Wassertestvoraussetzungen unterstützen.
Boilerwassertests sind verfügbar.
Das spezifisch verwendete Verfahren der chemischen Behandlung variiert abhängig von der Art des Boilers und von den spezifischen Eigenschaften des Wassers , aus welchem das Kesselspeisewasser abgeleitet ist. Dies ist sehr ortsspezifische, aber Lenntech hat die Testfähigkeit, alle Ihre Anforderungen zu decken.
Die Boiler-Testvoraussetzungen der drei verschiedenen Wasserarten sind darunter gezeigt:
Speisewasser
Boilerspeisewasser stammt aus verschiedenen Orten. Einige kommen aus den industriellen Bohrungs - und Aufbereitungsanlagen , während andere direkt von speziellen Anbietrn kommen, jedoch sollte alle Speisewasser sollte analysiert werden, um die korrekte Dosisraten von Behandlungschemikalien zu bestimmen.
Die Wasserqualität kann sich ändern, indem es durch ein Anfuhr-oder Verteilungsnetzsystem durchläuft , deshalb ist es wichtig, verschiedene Parameter am Einsatzort zu prüfen - also dort, wo es den Boiler oder das Vorbehandlungssystem eintritt.Boilerspeisewasser ist in der Regel eine Kombination aus rückgeführtem Kondensat sowie vorbehandeltem Wasser aus einem Weichmacher , aus Umkehrosmose oder aus anderem Reinigungssystem . Typische Tests, die für Boilerspeisewasser verwendet werden, umfassen :
Chlorid oder Salzgehalt- Leitfähigkeit
- Gelöster Sauerstoff
- Härte
- Eisen und Mangan
- pH
- Siliciumdioxid
- Sulphide
- Feststoffe
- Vollstaändig gelöste Feststoffe
- Trübheit
Kesselwasser
Tests umfassen;
- Chlorid
- Hydroxide P2 Alkalinität
- Nitrat
- pH
- Phenolphthalein P1 Alkalinität
- Phosphat
- Siliciumdioxid
- Sulphide
- Vollstaändig Alkalinität
- Vollstaändig gelöste Feststoffe
Kondenswasser
Gutes Kondensat ist das Wasser von bester Qualität , und auch noch das billigste ,das die meisten Systeme erzeugen können. Sie wollen nicht, es zu verlieren, oder es unnötig verschmutzen.
Dampf- Kondensat -Analyse sollte folgendes umfassen:
- Ammoniak
- Leitfähigkeit
- Kupfer
- Eisen
- pH
Test | Beschreibung |
|---|---|
| Make-up, Rohwasser | pH, P/M-Alkalinity, Conductivity, Total Hardness, Total Calcium, Total Magnesium, Total Iron, Total Copper, Sodium, Silicate, Sulphur, Chloride, Ortho-Phosphate, Total Inorganic Phosphate |
| Klärmittel, Weichmacher, Filter-Alaun | pH, P/M-Alkalinity, Conductivity, Total Aluminium, Total Hardness, Total Calcium, Total Magnesium, Total Iron, Total Copper, Sodium, Silicate, Sulphur, Chloride |
| Clarifier, Softener, Filter-Lime | pH, P/M-Alkalinity, Conductivity, Total Hardness, Filtered Hardness, Total Calcium, Total Magnesium, Total Iron, Total Copper, Sodium, Silicate, Sulphur, Chloride, Total Inorganic Phosphate |
| Sodium Zeolite, Dealkalizer, Desilicizer, Softened Make-up | pH, P/M-Alkalinity, Conductivity, Total Hardness, Total Calcium, Total Magnesium, Total Iron, Total Copper, Sodium, Silicate, Sulphur, Chloride |
| Hydrogen Zeolite, Strong Acid Cation | pH, P/M-Alkalinity, Conductivity, Total Hardness, Total Calcium, Total Magnesium, Total Iron, Total Copper, Sodium, Silicate, Sulphur, Chloride |
| Mixed Bed Exchanger, Degasifier, Anion Exchanger, Demineralizer | Conductivity, Filtered Hardness, Total Hardness, Total Calcium, Total Magnesium, Total Iron, Total Copper, Sodium, Silicate, Reactive Silicate, Sulphur, Chloride |
| Deaerating Heater, Feedwater, Condensate Polisher | pH, P/M-Alkalinity, Conductivity, Total Hardness, Total Calcium, Total Magnesium, Total Iron, Total Copper, Sodium, Silicate, Reactive Silicate, Sulphur, Chloride, Total Phosphate. |
| Blowdown – Expected Conductance >300 µS/cm | pH, P/M-Alkalinity, Conductivity, Total Hardness, Total Calcium, Total Magnesium, Total Iron, Total Copper, Sodium, Silicate, Sulphur, Chloride, Nitrate, Ortho-Phosphate |
| Blowdown – Expected Conductance >300 µS/cm | pH, P/M-Alkalinity, Conductivity, Total Hardness, Total Calcium, Total Magnesium, Total Iron, Total Copper, Sodium, Silicate, Silica Reactive, Sulphur, Chloride, Nitrate, Ortho-Phosphate |
| Steam Condensate | Conductivity, Total Hardness, Total Calcium, Total Magnesium, Total Iron, Total Copper, Sodium, Silicate, Reactive Silica, Sulphur, Chloride |
Cooling water analysis
Cooling tower is a heat removal devices used to eliminate waste heat of air released to atmosphere. This process allows airborne contaminants, organic matters and particles to become deposited into the cooling water. This, combined with the contaminants in the feed water, creates an environment for microorganism growth, solid deposits and scaling.
Improper treated cooling tower water could be an amplifier of biological hazardous agent. The warm and moist environment of a cooling tower favors the growth of Legionella bacteria which causes the outbreak of the deathly Legionnaires' disease. Thus, cooling tower water quality must be monitored in a regular basis to prevent spreading of diseases to users.
Test | Description |
|---|---|
| Make-up, Raw Water | pH, P/M-Alkalinity, Conductivity, Total Hardness, Total Calcium, Total Magnesium, Total Iron, Total Copper, Total Manganese, Sodium, Total Silica, Sulphur, Chloride, Ortho-Phosphate, Total Inorganic Phosphate, Total Zinc |
| Cooling Tower, Air Washer | pH, P/M-Alkalinity, Conductivity, Total Hardness, Total Calcium, Total Magnesium, Total Iron, Total Copper, Total Manganese, Sodium, Total Silica, Sulphur, Chloride, Ortho-Phosphate, Total Zinc |
| Sea water/Brine | pH, P/M-Alkalinity, Conductivity, Total Hardness, Total Calcium, Total Magnesium, Total Manganese, Total Iron, Total Copper, Total Silica, Sulphur, Ortho-Phosphate, Total Zinc |
| High Cycle Tower, Jacket, Brine | pH, P/M-Alkalinity, Conductivity, Total Hardness, Total Calcium, Total Magnesium, Total Manganese, Total Iron, Total Copper, Total Silica, Sulphur, Ortho-Phosphate, Total Zinc |
| Closed System, Glycol | pH, Specific Gravity, Total Hardness, Total Calcium, Total Magnesium, Total Iron, Total Copper, Sodium, Total Silica, Sulphur, Chloride |
| Closed System, Non-Glycol | pH, P/M-Alkalinity, Conductivity, Total Hardness, Total Calcium, Total Magnesium, Total Iron, Total Copper, Sodium, Total Silica, Sulphur, Chloride |
Individual analytical parameters
Test | Description |
|---|---|
| Acidity as ppm CaCO3 | Titration |
| AEC polymer | Turbidimetric – Spectrophotometric |
| Benzotriazole (BZT) | HPLC-UV/VIS (Liquid Chromatography) |
| Bromide | Ion Chromatography (Conductivity) |
| Carbon, Total | Thermocatalytic, IR (Limit Of Detection = 1 ppm C) |
| Carbon, Total Organic | Thermocatalytic, IR( Limit Of Detection = 1 ppm C) |
| Carbon, NPOC | Non Purgeable Organic Carbon (UV/Persulfate) LOD = 0.1 ppm C |
| NaOH (% w/w) | Titration |
| Citrate (Citric Acid) | Ion Chromatography (Conductivity) |
| COD Chemical Oxygen Demand | Closed vial, chromate oxidation, Spectrophotometric |
| Chloride | Segmented Flow Analysis, spectrophotometric |
| Chloride | Ion Chromatography (Conductivity) – LOD = 0.1 ppm Ion Chromatography (Conductivity) – LOD = 0.001 ppm |
| Color, True | APHA PtCo Standard Method, Spectrophotometric |
| Color, Apparent | APHA PtCo Standard Method, Spectrophotometric |
| Conductivity (µS/cm) at 25ºC | Electrometric |
| Cyanide, Free | Acid Distillation, Spectrophotometric |
| Cyanide, Total | UV-Digestion, Acid Distillation, Spectrophotometric |
| Fluoride | Ion Chromatography (Conductivity) |
| HPS I/HPS II | Turbidimetric – Spectrophotometric |
| Specific Gravity | Specific Gravity at 20ºC |
| Halogen Resistant Azole (HRA) | HPLC-UV/VIS (Liquid Chromatography) |
| Halides, Total Organic | TOX, coulometric (= AOX + POX) |
| Halides, Absorbable Organic | AOX, coulometric (includes TOC Analyses) |
| Halides, Purgeable Organic | POX, coulometric |
| Humic Acid | Spectrophotometric, Tungsten-Molybdate/Tartrate |
| Lithium (ppb) | Flame AAS Discount for Li tracer studies (>10 samples) – call lab |
| Nitrate | Ion Chromatography (Conductivity) |
| Nitrite | Ion Chromatography (Conductivity) |
| Nitrogen, Free Ammonia | Destillation, spectrophotometric |
| Nitrogen, Total Kjeldahl | Acid Digestion, Destillation, spectrophotometric |
| Oxalate | Ion Chromatography (Conductivity) |
| Oil and Grease/Mineral Oil (LOD = 5 ppm) | Tetrachloro-ethylene extractables, IR Florosil treatment (removal of polar compounds) |
| Mineral Oil (LOD = 100 ppb) | GC/FID (fraction C10 – C40) |
| PH | Electrometric |
| PSD 1 (high TSS) | Particle Size Distribution (Light Scattering) |
| PSD 2 (low TSS) | Particle Size Distribution (Laser Obscuration) |
| Phosphate, Ortho | Spectrophotometric |
| Phosphate, total Inorganic | Acid Digestion, Spectrophotometric |
| Phosphate, total Inorganic | Acid & Persulphate Digestion, Spectrophotometric |
| Silica, Reactive (ppb SiO2) | Spectrophotometric |
| Silica, Total | ICP-AES + acid digestion |
| Sodium (ppb) | AAS + digestion or filtration |
| Solids, Total | Drying at 105ºC, gravimetric |
| Solids, Total Dissolved | Filtration, Drying at 105ºC, gravimetric |
| Solids, Total Suspended | Filtration, Drying at 105ºC, gravimetric |
| Solids, Settable | Imhoff cone, after 2 hours |
| Sulphate | Ion Chromatography (Conductivity) – 0.1 ppm SO4 Ion Chromatography (Conductivity) – 0.001 ppm |
| Sulfide | Distillation, spectrophotometric |
| Sulfite | Titration (Iodate-Iodide) |
| Tannin and Lignin | Spectrophotometric, Tyrosine method |
| Tolyltriazole | HPLC-UV/VIS (Liquid Chromatography) |
| Turbidity | Nephelometry |
| Total Metals (ICP-OES) | Inductive Couple Plasma – Atomic Emission Spectroscopy Analysis per Element (minimum 2) Filtration (Dissolved metals) Digestion (Total metals) |
| Total Metals (ICP-MS) (ppt – ppb level) (typical LOD < 1 ppb) | Inductive Couple Plasma – Atomic Emission Spectroscopy Analysis per Element (minimum 2) |
| Filtration (Dissolved metals) Digestion (Total metals) | |
| Volatile Suspended Solids | Gravimetric (at 550ºC) |
Particle size distribution
Particle size distribution can greatly affect the efficiency of any collection device. Settling Chambers will normally only collect very large particles, those that can be separated using sieve trays. Centrifugsl collectors will normally collect particles down to about 20 μm. Higher efficiency models can collect particles down to 10 μm. Fabric filters are one of the most efficient and cost effective types of dust collectors available and can achieve a collection efficiency of more than 99% for very fine particles. Wet scrubbers that use liquid are commonly known as wet scrubbers. In these systems, the scrubbing liquid (usually water) comes into contact with a gas stream containing dust particles. The greater the contact of the gas and liquid streams, the higher the dust removal efficiency. Electrostatc precipitators use electrostatic forces to separate dust particles from exhaust gases. They can be very efficient at the collection of very fine particles.
| Measurements techniques | Sieve analysis |
|---|---|
| Air elutriation | |
| Photo analysis | |
| Optical counting methods | |
| Electroresistance methods | |
| Sedimentation methods | |
| Laser diffraction methods | |
| Acoustic spectroscopy |
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